Gallstone Disease in Pregnancy: Causes, Diagnosis, and Management Strategies

Abstract

Gallstone disease often appears in pregnant women due to physiological changes, which involve a complex interplay of factors that alter bile composition and promote the crystallization of substances that form stones. Elevated estrogen levels during pregnancy increase cholesterol secretion in bile, while progesterone slows gallbladder emptying, making stone formation more likely. Ultrasonography is the preferred diagnostic method as it is non-invasive and free of radiation. Gallstones can lead to complications such as cholecystitis, pancreatitis, or cholangitis, posing risks to both mother and fetus. Treatment options range from conservative approaches, like dietary adjustments and pain management, to laparoscopic cholecystectomy, a minimally invasive surgical procedure, if complications arise. Surgery is ideally performed in the second trimester to minimize fetal risks. Effective treatment of gallstone disease during pregnancy requires thorough monitoring and an interdisciplinary approach.